The stadium is situated on the north-east side on Lykaion: when one arrives there by slopes covered with a fine grass, one sees that the mountain has been fertilized only by the work of man. It was the king Lycaon who instituted the Lykaian Games, to entice his errant subjects by the games and render the captivity of their villages more mild. These games were the most ancient in Greece, after those of Olympus: Saturn and Jupiter fought there for the prize in wrestling before the creation of the human race. We donât know, how they used to celebrate, nor if they were always in honor, despite their curious location and the difficulty in surrendering there. Nonwithstanding, according to the ruins that one finds there and which offer Hellenic stones of the belle Ă©poque close to some cyclopean debris, one cannot doubt their long duration and the care one would take, in a time of less decline, to decorate oneâs theater.
These stones appeared at the head of the stadium, toward the semi-circular area where the judges, magistrates, and prominent citizens sat. As for the two sides of the stadium, one can recognize them without trouble; since the earth was left in their place, and the gravel pit preserves its shape. There is a great plateau leaned against the mountain from three sides, open from the fourth; through that opening, the view glides to an immense height on the summits of the north of Arcadia and on part of the plain. The only detail which has been transmitted to us on the Lykaian games, is that after the crowning of the victors, the young ones, nude, would follow with bursts of laughter those they spotted on their path. Wouldnât one call this the origin of the Roman Lupercalia? Titus Livius affirms, in effect, that this custom was carried over by Evander.
The small stadium, about which Pausanias speaks, is upward of the great stadium and falls perpendicularly on its edge. Only the shape, and some stones half-recovered by the earth, makes it recognizable. Above the great stadium, to the right, was the temple to Pan, who presided over the games here which were consecrated to him. The stones are partly buried, or stacked in a manner to leave nothing to distinguish. They are admirably trimmed, level, similar, and elegant. This temple, besides being very small, adjoined a grove.
On the opposite side, the Hagno fountain flowed and still flows, where the priest of Jupiter came to exorcise drought. After the customary sacrifices and the supplications, he touched the surface of the water with an oak branch, without pushing it in there: the water thus touched, a light vapor rose which quickly formed a cloud, it drew other clouds and spilled itself over Arcadia in a healthy rain.
Hagno was one of three Nymph wet-nurses of Jupiter, according to the Arcadians, who wanted the king of the gods to be raised on Lykaion, in a line called Cretea. The resemblance of this word to the name of Crete was caused, they said, by an error of other Greeks. It was the constant preoccupation of the Arcadians to link the origin and history of men and gods to their land. Also, they called Lykaian Olympus, the sacred summit, the birthplace of their religion and their society.
There, everything conspired to inspire respect and fear in mortals. There was a great enclosure consecrated to Jupiter, into which entrance was prohibited to men. Those who entered there in disregard of the law would inevitably die within the year. Moreover, and it was not at this less terrible, one knew that everything was alive, if one placed a foot there, he would immediately lose his shadow. How much belief did hunters hold makes a point, when the ferocious beasts they stalked sought refuge there!
Moreover, the cult of Lykaian Jupiter didnât need these stories to arouse a mysterious terror in the imagination of the people. On the the highest summit of the mountain, there was a plateau, an altar, where human blood often ran, in honor of the divine heir of cruel Saturn. Hence in nearly all of the Peloponnesus one finds oneself and one believes oneself to be nearer the sky than the land. Before the altar and toward the east, two columns bear two golden eagles which the sun hits each morning with its first rays. A grandiose hypothesis, which recalls the temple of Apollo on the summit of Taygetis, the altar of Raining Jupiter on Hymettus. Certainly, a simple heap of earth so-placed has more majesty than the most magnificent temple.
Supported by the clouds, surrounded by infinite space, covered by the eternal ether, didnât it seem to touch the feet of an invisible god? And didnât mortals sense his breath pass across their faces? Why would monstrous babarity mar such a great idea? Why did these columns, whence one can view all Arcadia, recall less the power of the god than the suffering of men? One cannot precisely say when these human sacrifices ended, which the Arcadians brought to Italy, and which reestablished themselves in Rome until the Second Punic War. The words of Pausanias pretended, not that they lasted to his time still, but that one substituted there some repulsive ceremony which was a symbol of it:
âTodayâ he says, âone offers on this altar secret sacrifices to Jupiter. It hardly pleased me to be informed of the manner in which things happen there; that they remain thus like they are and like they were to one in the beginning.â
Le Stade est situĂ© sur le versant nord-est du LycĂ©e: on y arrive par des pentes couvertes dâune herbe fine, on voit que la montagne a Ă©tĂ© fertilisĂ©e jadis par le travail de lâhomme. Ce fut le roi Lycaon qui institua les jeux lycĂ©ens, pour attirer par des fĂȘtes ses sujets errants et leur render plus douce la captivitĂ© des villes, nouvelle pour eux. Ces jeux Ă©taient les plus anciens de la GrĂšce, aprĂšs ceux dâOlympie: Saturne et Jupiter y disputĂšrent le prix de la lutte avant la creation de genre humain. Nous ne savons, ni comment ils se cĂ©lĂ©braient, ni sâils furent toujours en honneur, malgrĂ© leur singuliĂšre situation et la difficultĂ© de sây render. Cependant, dâaprĂšs les ruines quâon y trouve et qui offrent des pierres hellĂ©niques de la belle Ă©poque Ă cĂŽtĂ©s de quelques debris cyclopĂ©ens, on ne peut douter de leur longues durĂ©e et du soin quâon prit, dans un temps moins reculĂ©, dâembellir leur thĂ©Ăątre.
Ces pierres se voient Ă la tĂȘte du stade, vers la partie demi-circlaire oĂč siĂ©geaient les juges, les magistrats et les citoyens considĂ©rables. Quant aux deux cĂŽtĂ©s du Stade on les reconnaĂźt sans peine; car les terres sont restĂ©es Ă leur place, et la carriĂšre a conservĂ© sa forme. Câest un grand plateau adossĂ© Ă la montagne de trois cĂŽtĂ©s, ouvert du quatriĂšme; par cette ouverture, la vue plane dâune immense hauteur sur les sommets du nord de lâArcadie et sur une partie de la plaine. Le seul detail qui nous ait Ă©tĂ© transmis sur les jeux lycĂ©ens, câest quâaprĂšs le couronnement des vainqueurs, les jeunes gens nus poursuivaient avec des Ă©clats de rire ceux quâils recontraient sur leur chemin. Ne dirait-on pas lâorigine des Luoercales des Romains? Tite-Live affirme, en effet, que cette cotume avait Ă©tĂ© apportĂ©e par Ăvandre.
Le petit stade, dont parle Pausanias, est en avant du grand stade et tombe perpendiculairement sur son extrémité. Sa forme seule, et quelques pierres à demi recouvertes par le sol, le font reconnaßtre. Au-dessus du grand stade, à droite, était le temple de Pan, qui de là présidait aux jeux qui lui étaient consacrés. Les pierres sont enterrées en partie, ou entassées de maniÚre à ne rien laisser distinguer. Elles sont admirablement taillées, plates, éntendues, élégantes. Ce temple, du reste fort petit, était adosse à un bois.
De cĂŽtĂ© opposĂ©, coulait et coule encore la fontaine Hagno, oĂč le prĂȘtre de Jupiter venait conjurer la sĂ©cheresse. AprĂšs les sacrifices et les priĂšres dâusage, il touchait avec une branche de chĂȘne la surface de lâeau, sans lây enfoncer: sur lâeau ainsi Ă©mue, sâĂ©levait une vapeur lĂ©gĂšre qui bientĂŽt formait un nuage, attirait dâautres nuages et se rĂ©pandait sur lâArcadie en pluie salutaire.
Hagno Ă©tait une de trois nymphes nourrices de Jupiter, dâaprĂšs les Arcadiens, qui voulaient que le roi des dieux eĂ»t Ă©tĂ© Ă©levĂ© sur le LycĂ©e, dans un lien appelĂ© CrĂ©tea. La ressemblance de ce mot avec le nom de la CrĂšte avait causĂ©, disaient-ils, lâerreur des autres Grecs. CâĂ©tait la prĂ©occupation constante des Arcadiens de rattacher Ă leur patrie lâorigine et lâhistoire des hommes et des dieux. Aussi appelaient-ils le LycĂ©e Olypme, Sommet sacrĂ©, le berceau de leur religion et de leur sociĂ©tĂ©.
LĂ , tout concourait Ă inspirer aux mortels le respect et la terreur. Il y avait une grande enceinte consacrĂ©e Ă Jupiter, dont lâentrĂ©e Ă©tait interdite aux hommes. Celui qui y pĂ©nĂ©trait au mĂ©pris de la loi mourait infaillablement dans lâannĂ©e. De plus, et ne nâĂ©tait pas une chose moins terrible, on savait que tout ĂȘtre animĂ©, sâil y posait le pied, perdait immĂ©diatement son ombre. Com bien de fois les chasseurs nâavaient-ils pas fait cette remarque, quand les bĂȘtes fĂ©roces quâils poursuivaient y cherchaient un refuge!
Le culte de Jupiter LycĂ©en nâavait pas besoin, du reste, de ces fables pour frapper lâimagination des peuples dâun mystĂ©rieux effroi. Sur le sommet le plus Ă©levĂ© de la montagne, il y avait un tertre, un autel, oĂč le sang humain avait coulĂ© souvent, en lâhonneur du dieu hĂ©ritier du cruel Saturne. De lĂ se dĂ©couvre presque tout le PĂ©loponĂšse, et lâon se croit plus prĂšs du ciel que de la terre. Devant lâautel et vers lâOrient, deux colones portaient deux aigles dorĂ©s que le soleil frappait chaque matin de ses premiers rayons. IdĂ©e grandiose, qui rapelle le temple dâApollon sur le sommet du TaygĂšte, lâautel de Jupiter pluvieux sur lâHymette. Certes, un simple amas de terre ainsi placĂ© avait plus de majestĂ© que le temple le plus magnifique.
Soutenu par les nuages, entourĂ© de lâespace infini, couvert par lâĂ©ternel Ăther, ne semblait-il pas toucher les pieds du dieu invisible. Et les mortels ne sentaient-ils pas son souffle passer sur leurs fronts? Pourquoi une barbarie monstrueuse souilla-t-elle une si belle idĂ©e? Pourquoi ces colonnes, que lâon vouyait de toute lâArcadie, rappelaient-elles moins la puissance du dieu que la souffrance des hommes? On ne dit point quand finirent ces sacrifices humains, que les Arcadiens portĂšrent en Italie, et qui se renouvelĂšrent Ă Rome jusquâĂ la seconde querre punique. Les paroles de Pausanias feraient croire, non pas quâils duraient encore de son temps, mais quâon y avait substituĂ© quelque cĂ©rĂ©monie repoussante qui en Ă©tait le symbole:
âAujourdâhui,â dit-il, âon offre sur cet autel des sacrifices secrets Ă Jupiter. Il ne me plaisait guĂšre de mâinformer de la maniĂšre dont les choses sây passaient; quâelles restent donc comme elles sont et commes elles on Ă©tĂ© dĂšs le commencement.â